PROTOZOOLOGI UMUM

Pembagian Protozoa :

1. Rhizopoda
2. Flagellata
3. Cilliophora
4. Sporozoa
5. Tak tergolongkan

Rhizopoda :

1. Entamoeba histolytica
2. Entamoeba coli
3. Endolimax nana
4. Iodamoeba butschii
5. Dientamoeba fragilis

Technorati Tags: protozoa,parasitologi,fk undip,amoeba,entamoeba,flagellata,rhizopoda,histolytica,balantidium coli,giardia lamblia

Flagellata :

1. C heilomastix mesnili
2. Giardia lamblia
3. Trichomonas vaginalis
4. Leishmania donovani ;  L. tropica ;      L. braziliensis
5. Trypanosoa gambiense ;  T. rhodensiense ;  T. cruzi

Sporozoa :

1. Plasmodium vivax
2. Plasmodium falciparum
3. P. malariae
4. P. ovale
5. Isospora hominis
6. Eimeria sp.

Ciliophora :

1. Balantidium coli

Status tak tergolongkan

1. Toxoplasma gondii
2. Pneumocystis carinii

Differential diagnosis on Hearing Loss

Differential diagnosis
Common causes of SNHL include acoustic neuroma, multiple sclerosis, hypothyroidism, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, or stroke, Meniere's syndrome, drug toxicity, and idiopathic hearing loss. CHL is most frequently caused by cerumen impaction, perforation of the TM, middle ear effusion, atelectasis, and otosclerosis. In addition, a variety of tumors (e.g., squamous cell cancer, exostoses, or cholesteatoma) can cause CHL. MHL may be secondary to presbycusis, medications, and noise-induced hearing loss.

Physical examination on Hearing Loss

A simple hearing challenge may confirm hearing loss or detect significant hearing asymmetry. Ask the patient to cover one ear and try to detect soft sounds such as the tick of a watch, the scratching of two fingers rubbed together, or a softly whispered voice. Inspect the canal and TM to rule out the obvious causes of CHL. Cerumen impaction is a remarkably common and easily corrected cause of hearing loss. Pneumatoscopy to check for the normal movement of the TM helps rule out perforation, atelectasis, eustachian tube dysfunction, stiffened TM, ossicular disruption, and middle ear effusion.

Hearing Loss

History
Although patients rarely present with a complaint of decreased hearing, most have no specific hearing concern. Instead they present with depression, confusion, social isolation, or poor job performance, which may be caused or complicated by hearing impairment. Family members note abnormal, slow, or overly loud answers, a sudden tendency to monopolize or disrupt conversation, or to tilt the head in conversation. CHL is often of sudden onset but of a mild degree. Complete occlusion or rapid collection of fluid in middle ear causes an abrupt change in hearing. SNHL can be abrupt and severe (stroke, idiopathic, trauma), or gradual (MeniereTechnorati Tags: CHL, SNHL, Hearing Loss, OSCE's syndrome, acoustic neuroma, hypothyroidism). CHL often affects the quality of hearing first. Described as muffled like a head in a drum,the patient may lose high frequency and voice discrimination; however,
they are still capable of detecting subtle sounds. SNHL, when not associated with tinnitus, can have good quality but diminished hearing usually more profound than CHL.